What is the primary effect of wingtip vortices on following aircraft?

Wingtip vortices are a byproduct of lift generation in aircraft wings. As an aircraft flies, the higher pressure air beneath the wing flows around the wingtip to the lower pressure area above the wing, creating swirling air patterns known as vortices. The primary effect these vortices have on following aircraft is the potential for loss of control.

When another aircraft follows closely behind, it can encounter these vortices, especially if it is smaller or lighter than the leading aircraft. The vortices sink and drift laterally, and as they affect the airflow around the following aircraft, they can induce significant roll moments. This can lead to a condition known as "wake turbulence," which can destabilize the aircraft and make it difficult for the pilot to maintain control, particularly during critical phases of flight such as takeoff and landing.

Understanding the risks associated with wingtip vortices is vital for pilots, as they need to maintain a safe distance from the preceding aircraft to avoid the turbulence that could result in a loss of control. Therefore, pilots are trained to be aware of wingtip vortices and the associated handling challenges when flying in proximity to other aircraft.